Response to 'Species differences in macrophage NO production are important'

How important are gender differences in pharmacokinetics?

Gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics have frequently been considered as potentially important determinants for the clinical effectiveness of drug therapy. The mechanistic processes underlying gender-specific pharmacokinetics can be divided into molecular and physiological factors. Major molecular factors involved in drug disposition include drug transporters and drug-metabolising enzy...

To What Extent Vital Signs Are Important to Medical Toxicologists When Conflicts Arise in Defining Toxidroms

Are differences in microRNA regulation implicated in species-dependent response to toxicological exposures?

Equivalent exposures can result in qualitatively or quantitatively dissimilar toxic effects across species, with the underlying molecular mechanisms being often not well defined. In many cases, differences in metabolic handling of the chemical (metabolism and disposition) provide an explanation of these differences, but in other cases the explanation is less obvious. This variability in the out...

Macrophage-mediated inflammatory response decreases mycobacterial survival in mouse MSCs by augmenting NO production

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a hard-to-eradicate intracellular microbe, which escapes host immune attack during latent infection. Recent studies reveal that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide a protective niche for MTB to maintain latency. However, the regulation of mycobacterial residency in MSCs in the infectious microenvironment remains largely unknown. Here, we found that macropha...

Are all species necessary to reveal ecologically important patterns?

While studying ecological patterns at large scales, ecologists are often unable to identify all collections, forcing them to either omit these unidentified records entirely, without knowing the effect of this, or pursue very costly and time-consuming efforts for identifying them. These "indets" may be of critical importance, but as yet, their impact on the reliability of ecological analyses is ...